Vol. 11, Issue 4 (2022)

Author(s):
Ponnaboina Sriraj and Dr. Deshraj Gurjar

Abstract:
With the increasing population, the food production started decline rapidly. To increase the food production mainly rice plant, the improvement in crop is very important. The improvement in photosynthetic capacity of rice is very important for inserting C4 photosynthetic pathway in C3 plants for increasing the crop yield. The crops having enhanced photosynthetic mechanism and can use the solar radiations and the solar energy is converted into biological energy which directly increases the crop yield. There are different types of pathways like C3 pathway of photosynthesis, C4 photosynthesis and CAM pathway of photosynthesis. Rice exhibits C3 photosynthesis but due to low yield the rice plant is converted into C4 type plant. Different types of intermediates, genetic tools, sources, genes etc. are used to convert C3 plant into C4 plants. As the genes and the genetic makeup of C3 plants resembles with the C4 plants so it is somehow possible to convert it. Many other breeding techniques like the use of gene pyramiding is also used for making clones like Golden braid system and Golden gate. Different genome editing techniques like CRISPER-Cas and TALENs etc. are used. This review paper provides the complete information about the conversion of C3 plant to C4 plants, factors needed for the modification, comparison of C3 rice with C4 rice plant with respect to bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cell, vein spacing, density, tools and genetic editing techniques used.