Vol. 11, Issue 12 (2022)

Author(s):
RK Anish

Abstract:
Parasite manipulation can be either direct or indirect. Indirect manipulation is the most frequent method used by behavior-altering parasites, while the direct approach is far less common. Direct manipulation is when the parasite itself affects the host and induces a behavioral response, by creating neuroactive compounds that stimulate a response in the host's central nervous system, a method mostly practiced by parasites that reside within the CNS. Parasites can also indirectly affect the behavior of their hosts by disturbing their metabolism, development, or immunity. Parasitic castrators drastically modify their hosts' metabolism and reproduction, sometimes by secreting castrating hormones, changing their behavior and physiology to benefit the parasite. They may alter hosts' behaviors in ways that increase their likelihood of transmission, resulting in the parasite's release at appropriate sites, which increase parasite survival or increase the host's likelihood of being infected with more parasites.