Vol. 12, Issue 5 (2023)

Author(s):
Dipti Nain, Raju Kumar Dewry, Hanuman Prasad Yadav, Dileep Kumar Yadav, Vinod Kumar Gupta and Tushar Kumar Mohanty

Abstract:
Repeat breeding (RB), from a practical perspective, is a difficult issue for dairy farmers and veterinary professionals. The main etiological contributing causes of RB are maternal, genetic, uterine infections, genital tract abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, and other factors. Recto-genital palpation, vaginoscopy, uterine cytology, and ultrasound are all regarded as effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In many places, the only diagnostic methods accessible to clinicians for evaluating the most frequent causes of RB are vaginoscopy and palpation. However, when dealing with individual cows or buffaloes, ultrasonography can significantly improve diagnosis accuracy. The causes of pregnancy failure in dairy cows or buffalo are still difficult to pinpoint, even with the use of diagnostic procedures like hormone assays, colour Doppler ultrasound, and hysteroscopy, as some animals show ambiguous infertility. Depending on the potential cause of RB, a therapy plan is chosen. The use of immune-modulators like Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, eicosanoid PGF2α, and therapy with enzymes with or without antibiotic therapy are recent advancements in the treatment of endometritis. A variety of ovulatory disorders can be treated with regimens involving hCG, GnRH, prostaglandins, and their combinations.