Vol. 12, Issue 6 (2023)

Author(s):
Paramveer Singh Sangha, Harjap Kaur and Prabhleen Singh

Abstract:
Animal and human exposure to pesticides is primarily through food and water ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through the skin. The primary route of exposure in dairy animals is feed and forage. As some of them are highly regulated and some have been discontinued, the likelihood of exposure to OCPs is dwindling. OCPs have been the major agricultural pesticide being used in the past, owing to their high insecticidal activity, low toxicity in mammals, low cost, and long-lasting pest protection. Pesticides act as endocrine disruptors and cause enormous disturbances in steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and sexual behavioural display. Due to inadvertent use of potentially hazardous pesticides, dairy animals are highly vulnerable to soil, food, water, and animal-derived oil or fat products incorporated in processed feed.