Vol. 12, Issue 7 (2023)

A seed is a protective case that contains the early stages of a plant's development. This reproductive process is essential for seed plants, such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seed germination is the vital process through which a single seed transforms into a full-grown plant, significantly impacting both crop yield and quality. The development of a seedling from an angiosperm or gymnosperm seed is a common example of seed germination. Various factors influence seed germination, including external elements like water availability, suitable temperature, oxygen, and light exposure. Additionally, internal factors like the presence of auxin, stored nutrients, completion of dormancy, and seed viability also play a crucial role in the germination process.