Vol. 11, Special Issue 12 (2022)

Ocular problems in brachycephalic are associated with shallow orbit, prominent anterior positioned globe, excessive corneal exposure, a large palpebral fissure, entropion production and excessive nasal fold Brachycephalic dogs are having small size of mouth have to fit all 42 teeth and longer lower jaw compare to upper jaw leads to dental malocclusion like overcrowding, under erupted teeth, tartar, palatitis, gingivitis, etc. Compressed occipital and temporal bones leads to hypoplasia of the tympanic bullae predispose brachycephalic dogs to auditory tube dysfunction, fluid accumulation in the middle ear and reduced hearing.

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in brachycephalic dogs, including hiatal hernia, pyloric mucosal hyperplasia, pyloric stenosis, esophageal deviation, esophagitis and gastro-esophageal reflux, as well as gastritis and duodenitis. A corkscrew tail is the heritable leads to instability of spine and increased potential for compression of nerves or the spinal cord leading to pain, ataxia and loss of hind leg function and skin fold dermatitis (Intertrigo).

Dermatological disorders including facial and tail fold intertrigo, pattern baldness, atopic dermatitis, demodicosis, Malassezia dermatitis, mast cell tumors, muzzle, pedal folliculitis and furunculosis are commonly encountered in brachycephalic dog. Dystocia are common in some extremely brachycephalic breeds due to the size of the puppies being born compared with the size of the mother's pelvis. Upper airway obstruction is common in brachycephalic dogs so they have to work harder to breathe leads to reduced their thermoregulation ability.

The group of respiratory problems widely recognized in brachycephalic dogs as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) or Brachycephalic Syndrome caused by stenotic nares, excess long soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, hypoplastic leads to breathing difficulty. Special anaesthetic consideration are required for brachycephalic dogs due to airway abnormalities. Rapid induction and recovery are essential. Inhalant anaesthetics are safest for brachycephalic dogs. Recovery should be in sternal recumbency with uplifted head.