Vol. 11, Special Issue 12 (2022)

Author(s):
Mayank Darji, Jay Prakash Gupta, Jagdish Chaudhari, Arth Chaudhari, Ashok Chaudhari, Dhara Gor, Fotariya Abhi and Dalsaniya Urmil

Abstract:
Species evolution is a continuous process, influenced greatly by the environment and surroundings and also the various genetic interactions. Starting from the first animal domestication events taking place around Fertile Crescent, today we are in a position to harness the full potential of livestock, and poultry species. In order to get the better understanding of the evolutionary relationships, various markers have been utilized including autosomal microsatellites, Y-chromosome sequence, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. The strict maternal transmission of mtDNA results in homoplasmic individuals, who typically have a single mtDNA haplotype, the maternal one. Heteroplasmy can primarily occur through somatic mutagenesis during an individual’s lifetime and through leakage of paternal mtDNA in the zygote during fertilization. The mitochondrial DNA study revealed that the haplotype diversity was relatively high in the modern livestock population of different species which classified in cattle and buffalo in five major haplogroups, in sheep classified into two major and three minor haplogroups, in goat it classified in six major haplogroup and in horse it classified into total 18 haplogroup. Mitochondrial DNA, by virtue of the number of studies available and various other advantages, is far more practical than nDNA for phylogeographic surveys. Heteroplasmy is proved to be important for the evolution and the survival of mtDNA itself. There is need of further in-depth research in order to understand the uniparental transmission of mtDNA and the functional and evolutionary role of heteroplasmy.