Vol. 12, Special Issue 11 (2023)

Author(s):
P Anupama, BP Shivshankar, B Kavitha Rani, SS Manjunatha, P Ravikumar, GM Jayaramu, U Sunil Chandra, BE Shambulingappa, Shivaraj, MS Rudraswamy, KN Brunda, Javoor Akash, CV Santhosh Kumar, Sunkad Meghana and CS Niranjana Murthy

Abstract:
Neoplasia is the aberrant growth of cells or tissues which has an uncontrolled multiplication that is not under physiological control, and can be either benign or malignant. The majority of benign tumors have a slow growth rate and do not spread to adjacent body tissues. Malignant neoplasms can grow at unpredictable rates, invading nearby tissues as they spread to other areas of the body. Most of the neoplasms will be always lethal in nature, therefore, a correct diagnosis given at the appropriate time will aid in the animal's survival. The two most often utilized techniques for diagnosing tumors are immunohistochemistry and cytology. The principle of IHC is to use certain antibodies (Abs) to detect antigens (Ag) within tissue specimens. A colored histochemical response shows that antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) binding has taken place. The presence of particular biomarkers in the tissue sections helps to diagnose tumors. On the other hand, cytology focuses on studying and diagnosing diseases at the cellular level. The microscopic examination of cells to identify benign, pre-malignant, and malignant processes would help in the grading of neoplasms, which in turn will help in planning a suitable therapeutic regimen and also indicates the prognosis. These techniques are widely used in the diagnosis sector.